Abstract

This systematic review examines the impact of racial discrimination on mental health and racial identity development among Black adolescents, focusing on anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and identity formation, as well as the protective role of racial socialization. Analysis of 19 qualitative and quantitative studies revealed that Black adolescents frequently experience discrimination across various settings, including schools, public spaces, and online platforms, with significant effects on mental health and self-concept. Gendered patterns were evident, with females more likely to internalize stress as anxiety and depression, while males showed externalizing behaviors such as aggression. Racial socialization, especially cultural pride messages, emerged as a key protective factor, buffering against adverse outcomes. However, racial socialization varied by timing, context, and delivery. Preparation-for-bias strategies offered mixed results, highlighting the need for nuanced approaches. Strong family and community support enhanced resilience and positive identity development, emphasizing the importance of family-based interventions. The findings call for multi-level interventions, including culturally responsive mental health care, school-based anti-discrimination initiatives, and policies addressing systemic inequities. These strategies aim to foster resilience and promote mental health equity for Black youth in the face of pervasive systemic challenges.

Library of Congress Subject Headings

African American youth — Mental health; Identity (Psychology) in adolescence—United States

Date of Award

2025

School Affiliation

Graduate School of Education and Psychology

Department/Program

Psychology

Degree Type

Dissertation

Degree Name

Doctorate

Faculty Advisor

Erlanger A. Turner

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